|
Grasshoppers |
Grasshoppers, permaculture
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ] Insects Extension Grasshoppers Frank A. Hale, Professor Jaime Yanes Jr., former Assistant Professor and Harry E. Williams, former Professor Emeritus Extension Entomology and Plant Pathology Grasshoppersmayattimesbecomeseriouspests on ornamentals, vegetable and ield crops. Grasses and otherherbaceousplantsarethemostcommonfoodfor thesepests,butafterthosehostsare consumedthegrasshoppersoften turn to feeding on vegetables, ield cropsoronleavesandeventender bark of shrubs and trees. Jack Parker, Knoxville University of Tennessee Femaleslayeggsinthesoilinelongated,1-to3- inch masses in late-summer and fall. Eggs are usually depositedingrainstubble,fencerows,ditchbanks, roadsides and meadows. The egg is the overwintering stage. Hatching occurs in the spring as early as late February. Young nymphs (immatures) search for food in the immediate area. The grasshoppers are forced to migratetootherfoodsourcesastheybecomelargerand deplete their host plants in the area. Grasshoppers mature into adults in 40 to 60 days. Mating takes place and the females begin laying eggs. Oviposition (egg-laying) continues for nearly three monthsduetothedifferencesinhatchingtimeand developmental rate. A single female may lay from 200 to 400 eggs over a period of several weeks. Afteroviposition,adults continuetofeeduntilcold weather kills them. Some speciesmayhavemorethanone generation a year in Tennessee. Variationsinpopulationlevels of grasshoppers are inluenced by the environment. High Description Adultgrasshoppershaveshort, thread-likeantennae;chewing mouthparts;enlargedhindlegsthat arespecializedforjumping;narrow frontwings;andbroad,fan-like hindwings. Life Cycle Mostgrasshopperswillmateand live in the same area during the year. Somespeciesmayhavesuchalarge increaseintheirpopulationthatthey are forced to leave the breeding area. Edward L. Manigault, Clemson University Donated Collection, www.insectimages.org SP290-X mortalitywouldfollowaseasonsuchasthis:warm springweathercausingprematurehatchingofeggs, followed by cooler temperatures (preventing normal growth); a brief period of hot weather (favorable for grasshopper diseases); and a cool summer and early fall todelaymaturityandtoreducethetimeneededtolay eggs. A series of warm, dry seasons favor grasshopper outbreaks. treat the crop you are trying to protect. The insecticides carbaryl (Sevin ® ) or malathion are approved for most garden and ield crops. These three insecticides plus cyluthrin (Tempo ® ), bifenthrin (Talstar ® ), deltamethrin (DeltaGard ® ) and lambda- cyhalothrin (Scimitar ® ) can be used on lawns and many ornamentals. Chlorpyrifos (Dursban™) can be used on golfcourses,sodfarms,roadmediansandindustrial plant sites, but not in residential landscapes. Contact your local county Extension ofice for grasshopper control recommendations on speciic host plants. BaitscanbemadebycombiningSevin ® XLR Plus (see label) with a cereal grain substrate (cereal grains or their by-products, such as laky wheat bran, rolled wheat, rolled oats and/or barley or oat millings) to make a carbaryl bait containing 2 to 10 percent active carbaryl. These carbaryl baits are most effective when spreadovermowedorbarrenareasbetweenthecrop being protected and the hatching beds. The hatching bedsarethegrassyareas,particularlywithsouthern exposureandmoresandysoilinwhichgrasshoppers tend to lay most of their eggs. A bait of wheat bran and Nosema locustae (Semaspore Bait™), a protozoan thatisonlytoxictograsshoppers,canbeapplied to the hatching beds. Semaspore Bait™ should kill abouthalfofthegrasshoppersandinfectmostofthe remainder. The infected survivors do not eat much and the few eggs they lay are infected. If cannibalized, they can infect other grasshoppers. The protozoan can overwinter in infected egg cases and cadavers. Control Naturallyoccurringenemiesreducegrasshopper populations. Eggs of certain insects, such as ground beetles, blister beetles and bee lies, are laid in the soil near overwintering grasshopper eggs. Studies have shownthatthelarvaeofthesepredatorscandestroy upto60percentofgrasshoppereggmasseslaidina large area. Numbers of mammals, birds and predatory insects feed on grasshoppers. Certain environmental conditionsmayfavorthemultiplicationofnaturally occurringmicroorganismsandthesubsequentinfection of grasshoppers. When natural controls are not suficient, insecticidal control may be needed. An important factor totakeintoconsiderationinobtaininggoodcontrolof grasshoppersisthattheyoftenmoveinfromadjacent roadsides, fencerows and pastures. In these cases, it maybenecessarytotreattheareasadjacenttothecrop to adequately protect it from migrating grasshoppers. In other words, if large numbers of grasshoppers are movingintoyourcropfromadjacentareas,itisoften moreimportanttotreatthesurroundingareathanto Precautionary Statement To protect people and the environment, pesticides should be used safely. This is everyone’s responsibility, especially the user. Read and follow label directions carefully before you buy, mix, apply, store or dispose of a pesticide. According to laws regulating pesticides, they must be used only as directed by the label. Persons who do not obey the law will be subject to penalties. Disclaimer Statement This publication contains pesticide recommendations that are subject to change at any time. The recommendations in this publication are provided only as a guide. It is always the pesticide applicator’s responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current label directions for the speciic pesticide being used. The label always takes precedence over the recommendations found in this publication. SP290X 07-0015 Programs in agriculture and natural resources, 4-H youth development, family and consumer sciences, and resource development. University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture and county governments cooperating. UT Extension provides equal opportunities in programs and employment. Useoftradeorbrandnamesinthispublicationisforclarityandinformation;itdoesnotimplyapprovaloftheproducttothe exclusion of others that may be of similar, suitable composition, nor does it guarantee or warrant the standard of the product. The author(s), the University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture and University of Tennessee Extension assume no liability resulting from the use of these recommendations.
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ] zanotowane.pldoc.pisz.plpdf.pisz.pltgshydraulik.opx.pl |
|
|
|
Odnośniki |
Strona pocz±tkowa | Greenhouses. Building a Greenhouse Foundation, permaculture | Greenhouses. Basic Rules For Solar Heated Greenhouses, permaculture | Greenhouse. PVC Plans, permaculture | Greenhouse. Floors and Benches, permaculture | Greenhouse. Cucumber Production, permaculture | Greenhouse. Structures, permaculture | Greenhouse. Plans, permaculture | Greenhouse. Cucumbers, permaculture | Grunberger R. - Historia społeczna III Rzeszy, nazizm | Grzegorz Konat - Po co w Polsce euro, Euro |
zanotowane.pldoc.pisz.plpdf.pisz.plloveforever17.keep.pl
|
|